By Sean Jacobs

The governing body of world tennis, the International Tennis Federation (ITF), organises games between professional players, ranks them and sanctions tournaments. This includes junior players. Every year the top junior players compete in a series of graded tournaments around the world.

The first tier is known as the junior Grand Slams. Like with the senior circuit, this refers to the four traditional open tournaments played at Wimbledon, in France, the US and Australia. Below these four are a group of six Grade A tournaments. One of these Grade A tournaments is played every October in Cape Town, South Africa. Since 2019, that tournament was renamed the David Samaai Junior Open.

Samaai was the first black South African to play at Wimbledon in 1949 when he was 21 years old. He did so again in 1951, 1954 and 1960. His best performance was reaching the third round in 1954. He also played in the French, German and Swiss Opens.

While overseas, he won several smaller tournaments – mainly in Britain – and played against several of his white countrymen, beating some of them convincingly, including the captain of South Africa’s all-white Davis Cup (national) team, Gordon Forbes.

As Samaai would later describe his game against Forbes; it was “a match which could never have materialized at home.”

In June 2019, a few months before the announcement of the David Samaai Junior Open, he died at his home in Paarl in the Western Cape province. He was 91 years old. At the time, Gavin Crookes, then-CEO of Tennis South Africa, said about the renaming: “While this tribute will never adequately recognise the challenges he had to overcome as a black South African, playing in an era that was strictly amateur, as well as the achievements he attained as a top player in the world of tennis, I have little doubt the fact that these trophies will be presented to two of the top juniors in world tennis will go some way to making him proud – in his quiet and modest way.”

Despite Samaai’s singular achievement – at a time when South Africa’s white regime intensified its oppression of the majority black population – he is hardly mentioned in popular discourses about sports, especially in local and international media, and the legacies of racism in South Africa. And when he is, there is a lot of talk about his quiet resilience.

The silence in popular media and culture around Samaai’s achievements is even more depressing given that he played at a time when black tennis players hardly featured internationally.

Althea Gibson, the black American tennis player, would only win Wimbledon in 1957, while Arthur Ashe would become the first global black tennis star from the mid-1970s onwards.

One reason for this, may be that the American narrative about everything, including designating who was “the first” at anything, dominates. Another may be that David downplayed his achievement despite racism, insisting on a certain colour blindness.

His biographer Michael Le Cordeur writes that David hated being referred to as a “coloured tennis player”. A third reason could be how coloured people are viewed in South Africa; in some accounts they are not counted as blacks. At the same time, some coloureds don’t identify as black.

However, there is no evidence that Samaai had anti-black politics. In fact, after he retired from tennis, he played a leading role in school sport organised by South African Council On Sport (Sacos), known for its boycott stance against apartheid segregated sports and for forging a political consciousness among black sports people at grassroots level.

A much more plausible reason may be that tennis is hardly considered a mass sport – whether in South Africa or elsewhere. However, Samaai’s own involvement in tennis as a player and administrator and the deep well of organised tennis culture in coloured, Indian and African townships under apartheid, put a lie to it.

Samaai’s father, for example, played tennis in the 1930s, belonged to a club in Paarl and later built a tennis court for his sons in their backyard. David’s father himself met his wife on the court and they played mixed doubles together in amateur tournaments organised by a well-coordinated national coloured tennis association around the province and the country.

Nevertheless, to this day, most South Africans experience tennis as a TV sport happening somewhere in Europe or North America, living vicariously through Venus and Serena Williams, or Roger Federer – whose mother is a white South African.

Tennis, like other modern sporting codes, came to South Africa with colonialism. Unlike those others, tennis as a game became more associated with white elites and with money. The cost of playing – finding a court, court fees, equipment, the right attire – was prohibitive. As a result, tennis never developed the political or social connotations of sports like cricket, rugby, soccer and boxing under apartheid.

As for the professional game in South Africa – both under apartheid and now – it is mostly white players who represented the country overseas, even when South Africa was the subject of sports sanctions. The ITF ostensibly banned South Africa from international tennis, but it still played the Davis Cup into the late 1970s after the ITF let South Africa qualify via the Latin American region. On top of it, white South Africans weren’t banned from competing as individuals.

South African tennis thus took on a very white and very exclusive image. The combined effect of these media constructions and how the game was organised was to obscure tennis’ appeal among the black population and their role in its development as a sport. David’s story is wound up with the independent tradition of black tennis and is a corrective to these misconceptions.

Early years
Samaai was born in 1927 in Paarl, a medium-sized town in wine country about an hour’s drive to the northeast of central Cape Town. He was the oldest of seven sons. The late 1920s was not a good time to be born black in South Africa, less so to imagine a career as a black tennis player. While apartheid would only be formally introduced after 1948, the Union of South Africa – the white-run state – was already implementing a slew of new discriminatory laws limiting black advancement.

His parents, John and Sophia, were of modest income, but owned a house at 19 Du Toit Street in Paarl’s downtown. In 1950 that section of town would be declared a whites-only area. The Samaais held on for another nearly two decades, before they became the last family to be forcibly removed to a nearby coloured township.
John Samaai, according to David, was “a competent social player.” By the 1950s, there were five tennis clubs in Paarl with mostly coloured members, and John was a member of the Ivy Lawn Tennis club.

John naturally introduced his eldest son to the game, and it helped that the family lived next to a tennis court. David started hitting the ball with his dad at the club from around 5 years old.

It soon became clear that he had a feel for the game. He complimented his father’s training with street tennis played with wooden bats. At some point, John built the family their own tennis court in their backyard and David practiced there with one of his brothers, Frankie.

Not long after, Samaai began to compete at club level, playing with a borrowed racquet.He only got his own racquet when he went to play overseas. When he was 18, he was already a national champion (the South African Coloured Tennis Championship) of the South African Tennis Board, which organised the game amongst coloureds. He would retain that title for the next 21 years. Samaai was a talented sportsman; he also got provincial colours in rugby.

As he could not try himself against the best local white tennis players who enjoyed better facilities and training, he decided he would try his luck overseas. Le Cordeur writes that Samaai’s form should have made him an automatic choice for the 1949 Davis Cup team, but apartheid denied him this honour.

“For the first time, David felt that apartheid was standing in his way to greater success” and that it was time to try his luck overseas”.

Later in the UK, he beat South African Davis Cup players like Abe Segal, Gordon Forbes and Cliff Drysdale in practice.

He would talk about the level of competition among his cohort of coloured players: “I have no doubt in my mind that we would have beaten any other white club in South Africa had we had the chance to show of our skills.”

Samaai’s trip to Europe was fundraised from the local community. When he arrived in the UK, he received an invite to visit the Dunlop offices in London, where he was given six tennis racquets as a sponsorship. At first, he struggled on the English grass courts, but soon settled in, becoming known for “his big forehand, scorching backhand, fearsome serve, balance, anticipation, impeccable net play, speed around the court and stamina”.

One of his first victories, along with his English doubles partner, Colin Hannan, was a victory over a white South African duo, N Cockburn and S Levy. A number of other victories over white South African players, who he was prohibited from competing against back home, followed. Samaai’s supporters in the coloured community followed his progress closely via the local press and when he played Forbes in 1954, “were buying newspapers everyday to monitor his progress.”

To get into Wimbledon, you had to be nominated by your country association. David could expect no help from the white tennis establishment at home to make this happen. He had to earn the right by playing in a series of smaller qualifying tournaments in the UK, which he did.

In his first try at Wimbledon in 1949 he was beaten by an Australian, Jack Harper, 6-1, 6-4 and 6-3 in the first round.

He would qualify again in 1951. During the same year, he made it to the second round of the French Open. In 1954, which witnessed his best performance at Wimbledon, he ended up playing his third-round match on centre court, where he lost to Australian Ken McGregor. This match was his “career highlight” and obviously served to showcase black tennis from South Africa on a global scale.

In 1960, at 32 years old, Samaai qualified for Wimbledon for the last time. But by then, his priorities had changed. He had married Winnie, his longtime girlfriend and mixed doubles partner and started a family. Although he would make a few more trips to Europe to play in club tournaments and back in Paarl played in competitive tournaments well into old age and after apartheid ended, he switched his priorities to teaching for which he had qualified before he left for Europe the first time. He threw himself into the teaching profession with the same dedication he showed to tennis.

Michael le Cordeur’s book Davy Samaai The People’s Champion, spends as much time detailing Samaai’s long career as a tennis player, but equally as a teacher, choir director and his being instrumental “in broadening access to higher education for the rural Afrikaans speaking community.” Le Cordeur, ascribes Samaai’s success to his family dynamic, to his local community, and “because he led by example”.

The book is not the usual sports biography. It is a celebration of Samaai’s life. Le Cordeur writes in the introduction that the current generation don’t know who David was “because our history has been deleted from the mainstream media in South Africa, which refused to acknowledge what Samaai and people like him did to liberate South Africa”.

As a player, David was not viewed as particularly politically radical. He felt his tennis should speak for him. Nevertheless, Le Cordeur describes him as a “loyal member” of the South African Council on Sport or Sacos “in their fight against discrimination and apartheid.”

A British journalist who interviewed David for a short profile in 1961, described his relations with the white South African tennis contingent as “cordial”.

When pressed, Samaai said: “I hope they are not embarrassed by having me here. I don’t think they are, do you? We seem to get on very well together. When I arrive, everyone wants to know, ‘How did you get on with the South African players.’ My answer will always be ‘we are very good friends’.”

In his last match in the UK in 1961, Samaai and his doubles partner, John McDonald from New Zealand, played against the white South Africans Ian Vermaak and Berti Gaertner in the final. The matchup was significant, as it was “the first time a non-white South African had ever played against white South Africans in a tennis final.”

For context: back home the white South African government of Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd had decided to leave the Commonwealth over a demand that it end Apartheid and instead declared a whites-only republic.

Samaai and McDonald won the game and afterwards the two white South Africans, according to Le Cordeur, “seemed completely at ease with this quiet, dignified man.”

Le Cordeur quotes Samaai saying that after the match the three players discussed politics and the white South Africans wanted to know “both sides of the story”.

Today people would call that false equivalence.
Samaai then told his white countrymen “My personal opinion of things,” that “I would not come here and criticise our government’s policies. It wouldn’t be the right thing to do. After all, I am South African.”
It may be that he was either apolitical and did not have a framework to understand what was going on in South Africa or he did, and was too scared to take the political risk.

Later in Davy Samaai The People’s Champion, in a short chapter, Le Cordeur documents some of Samaai’s life as a sports administrator and simultaneously activist against apartheid sport and building alternative sports structures. It is also where we get a semblance of Samaai’s sports politics which was far from quiet or dignified.

He played a key role in the formation of the Tennis Association of South Africa (TASA), who played under the Sacos banner, helping to grow tennis in mostly coloured townships. Also, he was associated with figures like Frank van der Horst, Hassan Howa and Eddie Fortuin, all Sacos leaders and associated with a strident anti-apartheid politics.

Le Cordeur writes that Samaai and other leaders and coaches rejected attempts at bribing them, refusing to be forced into doing “what was against their principles.”

Following unification between white and black tennis in 1999 to form the TSA, as a sign of how imperfect the process was (to a large extent it kept old class and racial inequalities intact in the sport), Samaai became vice president and Crookes, the president.

That same year, President Thabo Mbeki awarded Samaai the Presidential Sports Award for Lifetime Achievement. – herri.org.za